Lesson 1
First, before we start with the charms and spells that I am going to teach for this lesson, let me first teach you the different "categories" of Spells and Charms.
Charms
A charm is a type enchantment that causes an object to behave in a way that is not otherwise normal for that object. A "charm" is a rather arbitrary designation for spells that are not classified as Transfiguration. For example, the Colour Change Charm causes something to flash different colors; the Levitation Charm causes an object to levitate; the Cheering Charm improves upon a creature's mood.
Some charms can be extremely powerful. Memory Charms can be so strong that they can cause permanent brain damage, however, when used properly and by an experienced caster, charms are intentionally helpful.
Protective Spells
Slightly different from the base category of charms, protective spells specifically protect persons, places, or objects from outside forces such as Dark Magic or from being seen or detected. The Fidelius Charm, for example, completely hides an object in such a way that it may only be located if someone is told the location by a person designated as a Secret-Keeper. Protective spells cast over others are different from curses in that curses inherently control others with intent of causing harm while protective spells are chiefly used as shields or barriers.
Transfiguration
Transfiguration, on the other hand is the art of changing of the form and appearance of an object and the vanishing of objects. This magical art is governed by Gamp's Law of Elemental Transfiguration which acknowledges the limits to the power of this branch of magic. Conjuring is a type of Transfiguration magic that creates objects out of thin air. Conjuration is included under the main category of Transfiguration, but is different in that Conjuration specifically creates objects.
Negative Magic
Negative magic is magic that causes harm or destruction to creatures or objects by either taking power away from them or transferring power from them to another source by force. Negative magic is chiefly used to attack creatures or objects. This type of magic is not necessarily "evil" (See Dark Magic). Though historically favoured by dark wizards, magic with negative powers is employed by wizards of all walks of life. Negative magic includes curses, hexes, and jinxes.
A curse is a magic spell used with the intention of causing harm, control, or terror over others. Curses are commonly used during duels.
A Hex is less powerful than a Curse and more powerful than a Jinx. Hexes cause a certain degree of pain and discomfort. Hexes are considered by some as a minor kind of Dark Magic, but Hexes can also be used for protection by distracting people or creatures. For instance, in 1995, Ginny Weasley made the mere mention of Garrotting Gas in a Hogwarts hallway and it was enough to keep students from going in that direction.
A jinx is a spell with negative effects used chiefly for the amusement of observers and the minor discomfort of the victim. They are also part of defensive magic, and students of Defence Against the Dark Arts learn them. During her time as professor of this subject at Hogwarts, Dolores Umbridge taught that jinxes should not be used in self-defence. Jinx effects can be removed by a Counter-Jinx, and they can be prevented by an Anti-Jinx. Wilbert Slinkhard said a "Counter-Jinx" was improperly named, and that "Counter-Jinx is a name wizards give their spells to make them sound more friendly."
*From Harry Potter Lexicon and Harry Potter Wiki
Disclaimer: You can only use spells above your year level inside the classroom and the TA and Professor offices only. First years using 2nd and third year level spells outside the said places. Same rule applies to second year students regarding third year spells.